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	<title>互保公社 &#187; 吸烟</title>
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	<description>人人为我我为人人，小额互保抱团抗癌</description>
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		<title>20%的癌症与吸烟有关，40%的癌症可以预防</title>
		<link>http://www.baoyouwo.com/archives/1180</link>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 02 Feb 2012 10:21:14 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>张马丁</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[健康情报]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[吸烟]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[防癌]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[预防]]></category>

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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div align="center">
<p><img src="http://photocdn.sohu.com/20120202/Img333496013.jpg" alt="2月4日是世界癌症日，今年的主题是“共同参与，成就奇迹”。而肺癌的发病率居于癌症首位，导致很多人“谈肺癌色变”，专家指出" /></p>
</div>
<p>2月4日是世界癌症日，今年的主题是“共同参与，成就奇迹”。而肺癌的发病率居于癌症首位，导致很多人“谈肺癌色变”，专家指出如今，癌症已成为人类健康的头号杀手，而肺癌的发病率居于癌症首位。孟琦称，肺癌可以预防，对肺癌要有充分的认识，早预防、早发现、早诊治，最大限度地降低其危害。</p>
<p>不到20岁吸烟者患肺癌率比不吸烟者高28倍 “吸烟是引发肺癌的主要因素。”孟琦称，开始吸烟年龄越早，患肺癌危险就越大。 “年龄小于20岁即开始吸烟者，患肺癌的人数比不吸烟者高28倍。”而且吸烟还增加食管癌、喉癌等的发病率，并引起 “二手烟”危害。</p>
<p>环境污染也是肺癌高发的主要因素，而室内装修造成的污染、厨房内的油烟和煤烟污染，是引起不吸烟妇女患肺癌的原因之一；患有肺结核、矽肺、尘肺等慢性肺部疾病的患者，其肺癌发病率也高于正常人。 “所以吸烟者、职业暴露人群及存在慢性肺部疾病人群等都属于肺癌的易感人群。 ”</p>
<p>40岁以上吸烟者一旦痰中带血应高度警惕 “早期肺癌往往没有症状，即使出现症状，也因症状不典型、没特异性很容易与其他疾病混淆，使多数患者误诊和延误诊断。”孟琦称，易感人群应充分了解肺癌常见临床症状。</p>
<p>咳嗽是最常见的症状，若咳嗽久治不愈、慢性长期咳嗽者一旦咳嗽性质改变，需警惕肺癌。咯血也是肺癌症状之一， 40岁以上吸烟者一旦痰中带血、血丝或小血凝块，就可能患肺癌。</p>
<p>“癌性热”是比较典型的症状，即肺癌病人检查体内无明显炎症，但却有明显发热，体温常在38℃以下。此种发热早期用抗生素治疗，体温可恢复正常，但易复发，有时发热可达数月之久。孟琦提醒，若出现以上症状要提高警惕，及时去医院就诊。</p>
<p>预防肺癌少烟少酒莫肥胖 “虽然肺癌的发病率和死亡率都很高，但实际上，肺癌是一种可防可治的疾病，且预防远比治疗更重要。”孟琦对日常生活中应采取的积极预防措施给出合理建议。</p>
<p>预防肺癌，首先要控制吸烟，吸烟者任何时候戒烟都不晚，越早越好；要注意环境污染、控制室内烟尘污染等，室内装修时应采用无污染材料，装修完毕后应通风1月后再住人；要提高健康意识，定期体检；合理膳食，多吃富含叶红素、维生素E的蔬菜水果及粗制谷类，少吃烟熏食品、不吃霉变食物，饮食结构应均衡。同时，积极参加体育锻炼，避免肥胖；积极的生活态度能显示出极大的制癌效应。</p>
<p>受访专家：德州市人民医院肿瘤科主任、主任医师 孟琦</p>
<p>本报记者 董珊珊 本报通讯员 常德海</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>2月4日是国际抗癌联盟(UICC)指定的世界癌症日,今年的主题是:“共同参与,成就奇迹”。尽管主题每年都在变,但不变的是呼吁人们要养成健康的生活方式,科学地预防癌症的发生。<br />
2月1日,记者采访了烟台市肿瘤医院副院长、烟台抗癌协会理事长张恩宁。据张恩宁介绍,近年来,生活水平不断提高,但癌症发病率却持续升高,我国癌症发病以56%的速度递增。目前,肺癌在男性肿瘤患者中占第一位,乳腺癌则在女性肿瘤患者中占第一位。</p>
<p>约20%的癌症与吸烟有关<br />
采访中,张恩宁告诉记者,吸烟是排在第一位的致癌杀手,20%左右的癌症与吸烟密切相关。吸烟除了与肺癌关系最为密切外,我们从上往下说,还与口腔癌、舌癌、喉癌、食管癌、胃癌、胰腺癌等有关。不良的生活习惯是排在第二位的致癌杀手。<br />
不良的生活习惯包括经常吃高脂肪、高蛋白、高热量的食物,饮食结构不平衡,过量饮酒等。我们要改变这些不良的生活方式和习惯,建议市民平时多吃一些植物性的食物,如多吃粗粮、蔬菜、水果等。<br />
预防癌症要从小做起,孩子从小养成良好的生活习惯,平衡饮食结构、保持积极乐观的生活态度,再加上运动锻炼,可以大大降低癌症发生率。有时间要经常看一些科普知识及掌握一些科学的防癌常识。虽然目前人类还没有攻克癌症,但可以通过积极主动的预防和干预,约40%的癌症是可以预防的。</p>
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		<title>癌症成北京人死亡首因 平均每天105人被确诊</title>
		<link>http://www.baoyouwo.com/archives/1160</link>
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		<pubDate>Fri, 13 Jan 2012 11:54:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>张马丁</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[健康情报]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[北京]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[吸烟]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[癌症]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[癌症已连续4年居北京人死因首位，平均每4位死亡者中就有1位死于癌症。而引发各类癌症特别是肺癌的主要因素是吸烟。<table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>本报讯（实习生王婷婷记者李洁）癌症已连续4年居北京人死因首位，平均每4位死亡者中就有1位死于癌症。而引发各类癌症特别是肺癌的主要因素是吸烟。</p>
<p>记者上午从北京市卫生局获悉，据统计，北京市居民恶性肿瘤、心、脑血管疾病多年来一直位居死因顺位的前三位，占死亡构成的73.8%。</p>
<p>为推进北京市主要慢性病防治工作，提高全体居民健康水平，实现“健康饮食、远离烟草、主动筛查、自我管理”的健康行为方式和理念，今天上午，北京市卫生局发起“阳光长城计划2012”健康北京人心、脑、肿瘤及口腔四大防治行动。</p>
<p>据北京市卫生局局长方来英介绍，癌症已成为威胁北京人健康的最严重的疾病。2010年，北京市死于癌症的居民占总死亡人数的25.6%。</p>
<p>也就是说，北京人中，平均每4位死亡者中就有1位死于癌症。而平均每天有105个北京人被确诊为癌症新发病例。从北京市2009年数据来看，每一万个人里面有30个人有罹患恶性肿瘤的可能。</p>
<p>方来英说，吸烟是各类癌症特别是肺癌发生的主要危险因素。</p>
<p>据了解，我国吸烟人数约为3.5亿，遭受被动吸烟危害的人数也高达5.4亿，其中15岁以下儿童有1.8亿。</p>
<p>方来英说，下一步，要加大控烟力度，2011年底，全市所有医疗机构已实行全面禁烟。到2015年全市创建1000所无烟校园和10万个无烟家庭，降低青少年尝试吸烟率和被动吸烟率。</p>
<p>同时，还将对社区医生开展简短戒烟技术培训，对前来就诊的吸烟者进行3分钟健康教育和劝解指导。</p>
<p>到2015年，全市建立600个肿瘤的健康教育和早诊早治的示范社区。指定符合资质的体检中心及定点医院，对癌症高危人群进行早期筛查、诊断，实现癌症早诊早治，提高生存率。</p>
<p>法制晚报-北青网 李洁</p>
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		<title>肺癌已代替肝癌成为我国首位恶性肿瘤死亡原因</title>
		<link>http://www.baoyouwo.com/archives/1121</link>
		<comments>http://www.baoyouwo.com/archives/1121#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 03 Jan 2012 05:35:31 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>张马丁</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[健康情报]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[吸烟]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[恶性肿瘤]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[控烟]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[肺癌]]></category>

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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-family: Verdana;">      城市晚报报道： 如果您每天吸烟支数乘以烟龄大于400，那么您赶快戒烟吧</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">，因为您已属于肺癌高危人群!肺癌已成居民健康的“头号杀手”！肺癌已代替</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">肝癌成为我国首位恶性肿瘤死亡原因，占全部恶性肿瘤死亡的22.7%，且发病率</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">和死亡率仍在继续迅速上升。今年11月是第十个肺癌关注月，世界肺癌联盟发起</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">全球性倡议，呼吁世界各国重视肺癌的预防。昨日，记者采访了肿瘤医院院长，</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">给您一些远离肺癌的警示。<br />
<strong>东北是肺癌高发区<br />
</strong>　　据该院长介绍，根据卫生部最新数据显示，恶性肿瘤已取代心脑血管疾病，</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">成为威胁我国人民健康的“头号杀手”。<br />
目前，我国肺癌发病率每年增长26.9%。以往肺癌的发病率是男性远远高于</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">女性，但近几年女性发病率上升特别快，男女比例在逐渐缩小，目前比例约为</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">2:1，其中高发地区包括东北、沿海地区以及各大中心城市。城市平均值高于农</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">村，城市越大肺癌死亡率越高。<br />
<strong>指数大于400易患肺癌<br />
</strong>　　吸烟是导致肺癌的首要因素已得到公认。据统计，在因肺癌死亡的患者中，</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">87%是由吸烟、包括被动吸烟引起的，男性吸烟者肺癌死亡率是不吸烟者的8-20</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">倍。<br />
吸烟与肺癌的发生呈剂量-效应关系，每天吸烟的支数乘以吸烟的烟龄，被</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">称为“肺癌的吸烟指数”，如果吸烟指数大于400，就属于肺癌的高危人群。<br />
<strong>预防肺癌 控烟是关键<br />
</strong>　　预防肺癌，首先就是远离烟草，远离一手烟、二手烟和三手烟的健康危害。</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">中国遭受烟草暴露的人群达5.4亿，仅遭受二手烟危害的儿童就达1.8亿，烟民的</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">低龄化导致了肺癌大军的不断扩大。<br />
医生、教师、公务员，这三个重点榜样人群的控烟工作非常重要，他们影响</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">着一大批青少年的吸烟行为，正是由于这三个榜样人群在公共场所的吸烟行为，</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">使一些青少年过早地加入烟民队伍中。<br />
预防肺癌的第二个关键就是在保持心情舒畅的同时，要保持一个健康的工作</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">和生活环境。减少室内污染，尤其是肺癌高发的北方地区，要经常通风换气，改</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">善室内空气质量，避免取暖和烧饭的燃煤污染、烹调产生的油烟危害，尽量少食</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">腌制、油炸、煎炒食品，选用绿色合格的建筑装修材料。<br />
改变不健康的生活方式，避免压抑、借酒消愁，保持乐观向上的心情，注意</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">规律饮食睡眠，适时加强锻炼身体。此外，还要重视预防肺结核、慢性肺部疾病</span><span style="font-family: Verdana;">。</span></p>
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		<title>起床后30分钟内吸烟患癌几率高一倍</title>
		<link>http://www.baoyouwo.com/archives/1095</link>
		<comments>http://www.baoyouwo.com/archives/1095#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 27 Dec 2011 12:49:34 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>张马丁</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[健康情报]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[吸烟]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[肺癌]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[美国研究人员发现，起床后30分钟内吸烟会提高吸烟者患癌症的风险。吸烟者患肺癌的几率原本就比不吸烟者高，但起床30分钟内吸烟会使患癌几率再提高近一倍。<table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>美国研究人员发现，起床后30分钟内吸烟会提高吸烟者患癌症的风险。吸烟者患肺癌的几率原本就比不吸烟者高，但起床30分钟内吸烟会使患癌几率再提高近一倍。</p>
<p>研究人员说，吸烟者抽第一根烟的时间是影响患癌几率的一个独立因素。即便吸烟总量等其他因素存在差异，起床后立即吸烟会提高患癌几率的情况依旧存在。</p>
<p>最有可能的解释就是，你点烟的时间越早，吸入肺部的烟雾就越多，受到化学物质的影响就越大。因此，界定吸烟在多大程度上影响某个人的身体健康时，不应只看吸烟总量。</p>
<p>（来源：《大众日报》）</p>
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		<title>每年有超过500万人死于吸烟</title>
		<link>http://www.baoyouwo.com/archives/352</link>
		<comments>http://www.baoyouwo.com/archives/352#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 15 Dec 2009 02:09:24 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>张马丁</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[健康情报]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[吸烟]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[流行病]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.boyowo.com/?p=352</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[世卫组织（WHO）发布的全球烟草流行病报告中指出，每年有超过500万人死于这种吞云吐雾，而这一数字也大大超过了AIDS，肺结核和疟疾的死亡人数总和。如果延续这一趋势，到2030年，每年死亡人数将升至800万、整个21世纪里因吸烟而死亡的人数总量将达10亿 报告同样揭露了各国从以下几个方面对烟草控制领域所作的努力（MPOWER）： 烟草监控及政策防止烟草私用 保护公民以免吸烟上瘾 为戒烟者提供帮助 对吸烟的危害提出警示 强制实施禁止烟草广告，推销和赞助，并增加烟草税 然而报告显示的结果是不到10%的世界人口受惠于以上措施之一 吉布提、埃及、伊朗、马来西亚和毛里求斯五国在烟草包装盒上做的警示标记工作最为突出； 以色列、罗马尼亚和阿联酋三国为戒烟者提供全方位的帮助服务； 仅有一个国家——巴拿马禁止所有形式的烟草广告、促销和赞助活动； 捷克、爱沙尼亚、斐济、荷兰和塞舌尔群岛对烟草零售征收高于75%的税； 全球100个人口最多的城市中仅有22个是禁烟的 以上来源<table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0" width="100%" style="clear: both;">
    
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                        <font size="-1" color="#333333" style="line-height: 1.65em; font-size: 12px !important;">20%的癌症与吸烟有关，40%的癌症可以预防</font>
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                        <font size="-1" color="#333333" style="line-height: 1.65em; font-size: 12px !important;">新加坡：没抽烟华族女性每年210人患肺癌（癌症新知）</font>
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img title="关于吸烟的一些事实" src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2486/4183087091_5055835827.jpg" alt="关于吸烟的一些事实 | Jandan.net" /><br />
世卫组织（WHO）发布的全球烟草流行病报告中指出，每年有超过500万人死于这种吞云吐雾，而这一数字也大大超过了AIDS，肺结核和疟疾的死亡人数总和。如果延续这一趋势，到2030年，每年死亡人数将升至800万、整个21世纪里因吸烟而死亡的人数总量将达10亿</p>
<p>报告同样揭露了各国从以下几个方面对烟草控制领域所作的努力（MPOWER）：</p>
<ul>
<li>烟草监控及政策防止烟草私用</li>
<li>保护公民以免吸烟上瘾</li>
<li>为戒烟者提供帮助</li>
<li>对吸烟的危害提出警示</li>
<li>强制实施禁止烟草广告，推销和赞助，并增加烟草税</li>
</ul>
<p>然而报告显示的结果是不到10%的世界人口受惠于以上措施之一</p>
<p>吉布提、埃及、伊朗、马来西亚和毛里求斯五国在烟草包装盒上做的警示标记工作最为突出；<br />
以色列、罗马尼亚和阿联酋三国为戒烟者提供全方位的帮助服务；<br />
仅有一个国家——巴拿马禁止所有形式的烟草广告、促销和赞助活动；<br />
捷克、爱沙尼亚、斐济、荷兰和塞舌尔群岛对烟草零售征收高于75%的税；<br />
全球100个人口最多的城市中仅有22个是禁烟的</p>
<p><img title="关于吸烟的一些事实" src="http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2680/4183841044_4824154231_o.jpg" alt="关于吸烟的一些事实 | Jandan.net" /></p>
<p>以上<a rel="external nofollow" href="http://research.globalthoughtz.com/index.php/interesting-facts-about-tobacco-smoking-revealed/">来源</a></p>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>三手烟对儿童健康的损害不容忽视</title>
		<link>http://www.baoyouwo.com/archives/339</link>
		<comments>http://www.baoyouwo.com/archives/339#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 09 Dec 2009 07:59:28 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>张马丁</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[健康情报]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[儿童]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[吸烟]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[禁烟]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.boyowo.com/?p=339</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[背景：据《纽约时报》报道，科学家最新研究发现，吸烟者一番“吞云吐雾”后，不但自身头发和衣服上会残留香烟气味及有害物质微粒，就连周围环境的地毯、靠垫等物品也会沾染“烟毒”。这类残留的物质，因为有别于漂浮在空气中的“二手烟”，因此被称之为“三手烟”。 三手烟对儿童健康的损害也是不容忽视的。 躲在阳台或者厕所吸烟，看起来不会影响家人的健康，事实却并非如此，因为家人可能没有闻到烟气，但却极有可能被你身上附着的有毒气体和颗粒污染。 中国疾病预防控制中心控烟办公室副主任姜垣指出，国内也有一些香烟内毒素对周围环境的附着研究。这种“三手烟”的说法是完全准确的。通常，即使烟气没有笼 罩我们，那些吸烟者——或者接触吸烟者的人的身上，仍然可以附着很多的有害物质，都会给人的健康带来危害，当然，受到影响最大的还是孩子。 因为这些附着在身上的有毒物质，短期内对成人的影响并不明显，却足够伤害婴幼儿。最直接的就是会引起婴幼儿的呼吸系统问题，增加儿童哮喘几率，让儿童体质下降，增加中耳炎风险等。而长期接触这些附着的有毒物质，也会增加成人的患癌几率。 姜垣表示，烟气中含有4000多种物质，其中绝大部分是有害物质，因为涉及范围众多，所以目前还不能分类研究这些物质在布料以及墙壁上的准确附着时间，但至少在短短的几天内，这些附着的有害物质不会轻易消散。 因此，姜垣提醒，对于烟民来说，让家人不受伤害的最好办法就是吸烟后洗澡换衣服，当然最好是完全戒烟。此外，不抽烟的人，如果接触了烟雾缭绕的吸烟环境，也最好在进家门时将衣服进行清洁和处理，以避免给孩子带来影响。 来源：人民网-健康时报<table class="wumii-related-items" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" border="0"  style="clear: both;">
    
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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div id="contentText">
<p>背景：据《纽约时报》报道，科学家最新研究发现，吸烟者一番“吞云吐雾”后，不但自身头发和衣服上会残留香烟气味及有害物质微粒，就连周围环境的地毯、靠垫等物品也会沾染“烟毒”。这类残留的物质，因为有别于漂浮在空气中的“二手烟”，因此被称之为“三手烟”。  三手烟对儿童健康的损害也是不容忽视的。</p>
<p>躲在阳台或者厕所吸烟，看起来不会影响家人的健康，事实却并非如此，因为家人可能没有闻到烟气，但却极有可能被你身上附着的有毒气体和颗粒污染。</p>
<p>中国疾病预防控制中心控烟办公室副主任姜垣指出，国内也有一些香烟内毒素对周围环境的附着研究。这种“三手烟”的说法是完全准确的。通常，即使烟气没有笼 罩我们，那些吸烟者——或者接触吸烟者的人的身上，仍然可以附着很多的有害物质，都会给人的健康带来危害，当然，受到影响最大的还是孩子。</p>
<p>因为这些附着在身上的有毒物质，短期内对成人的影响并不明显，却足够伤害婴幼儿。最直接的就是会引起婴幼儿的呼吸系统问题，增加儿童哮喘几率，让儿童体质下降，增加中耳炎风险等。而长期接触这些附着的有毒物质，也会增加成人的患癌几率。</p>
<p>姜垣表示，烟气中含有4000多种物质，其中绝大部分是有害物质，因为涉及范围众多，所以目前还不能分类研究这些物质在布料以及墙壁上的准确附着时间，但至少在短短的几天内，这些附着的有害物质不会轻易消散。</p>
<p>因此，姜垣提醒，对于烟民来说，让家人不受伤害的最好办法就是吸烟后洗澡换衣服，当然最好是完全戒烟。此外，不抽烟的人，如果接触了烟雾缭绕的吸烟环境，也最好在进家门时将衣服进行清洁和处理，以避免给孩子带来影响。</p>
<p>来源：<span id="media_span">人民网-健康时报</span></div>
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		<title>新加坡：没抽烟华族女性每年210人患肺癌（癌症新知）</title>
		<link>http://www.baoyouwo.com/archives/41</link>
		<comments>http://www.baoyouwo.com/archives/41#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 13 Sep 2009 10:25:56 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>张马丁</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[健康情报]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[吸烟]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[女性]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[癌症]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[肺癌]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[预防]]></category>

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			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>　　⊙林　言 <br />　　癌症新知</p>
<p>　　<strong>肺癌的新病例，三成是女性，其中三分二没抽烟，占每年新病例的22%。 </strong></p>
<p>　　<strong>新加坡目前第三多人患的癌症是肺癌。许多人都知道肺癌是抽烟直接造成的致命率很高的癌症。但是，最近的研究却显示，新加坡每年平均有多达210名没抽烟的妇女也患上肺癌，占每年新病例的22%。根据新加坡癌症登记处公布的1998年至2002年的5年统计，肺癌病人总数是5168人，男病人3571人，占69%；女病人1597人，占31%。 </strong></p>
<p>　　从事肺癌研究的林璿医生说，这组没抽烟的肺癌女病人绝大多数是华人，40岁左右为多。林璿医生也在国际专业癌症中心（International Cancer Specialists ）行医。</p>
<p><u>另一些基因的变化 </u></p>
<p>　　她说，虽然不能完全排除她们是二手烟的受害者，但是，医学上至今很难进行这样的检测。至于烹饪时产生的油烟和工厂排出的废气是否与此有关，也没有足够证据作出判断。</p>
<p>　　&ldquo;我们至今能确定的是，这类肺癌病人是属于肺细胞&lsquo;表皮生长因子受体&rsquo;（EGFR）出现变异的病人。&rdquo;</p>
<p>　　不过，林医生也补充说，或许从这类没烟瘾肺癌病人身上发现的表皮生长因子受体变异现象，只是局部的反映，真正的导因也可能是另一些基因的变化。</p>
<p>　　她说，在临床上，这些没吸烟的肺癌病人，十之八九的癌细胞是长在肺泡部位，称为腺瘤肺癌。</p>
<p>&nbsp; <br /><em>肺癌有多种类型，肺癌病情常出现反复。&nbsp; </em></p>
<p>　　林医生指出，近50年来，肺癌的演变趋势是，有半数的肺癌病人属于腺瘤肺癌。</p>
<p>　　&ldquo;癌症医生在给病人制定治疗方案前，首先确定患的是哪类型肺癌，然后确定肺癌已经处于第几期。&rdquo;</p>
<p>　　不过，并非所有腺瘤肺癌患者都是没抽烟者。林医生说，如果是男病人几乎百分百都有烟瘾，女病人当中则有三分一是烟客，另外三分二没抽过烟。</p>
<p><u>抽取癌细胞 判断肺癌种类 </u></p>
<p>　　林璿医生解释，肺癌分两大类：</p>
<p>　　一、小细胞肺癌：占15%，多见于较大的支气管，发现时多已转移。</p>
<p>　　这类肺癌对化疗的反应迅速，有六七成的肿瘤会萎缩，但是，复发率也很高。</p>
<p>　　临床上，小细胞肺癌只分两期，局限期和广泛期。前者化疗和电疗一起使用；后者的治疗法则是先化疗后电疗。</p>
<p>　　二、非小细胞肺癌：占85%。</p>
<p>　　这类肺癌再分为：</p>
<p>　　*鳞状肺癌：占20%至30%，癌细胞从气管上皮细胞开始繁殖。</p>
<p>　　*腺瘤肺癌：占50%，产生于肺的分泌区和小气囊的上皮，染上这种肺癌者包括抽烟与没抽烟的患者。</p>
<p>　　*大细胞肺癌：占5%至15%。</p>
<p>　　林医生说，要检验肺癌的种类，医生可以从气管里切取癌细胞组织，也可以使用长针插入胸部抽取肺外部的癌细胞作化验。</p>
<p><u>非小细胞肺癌分四期 </u></p>
<p>　　林璿医生说，肺癌病人在接受治疗前须接受全身性的电脑断层扫描，以确定癌细胞的分布情况。非小细胞肺癌分四期：</p>
<p>　　第一期：肿瘤很小，只需手术切除。5年存活率达80%至90%。</p>
<p>　　第二期：癌细胞传到附近的小淋巴腺，手术后可作化疗。5年存活率达40%至60%。</p>
<p>　　第三期：癌细胞蔓延到胸部中间的淋巴腺，化疗后需要再作电疗。5年存活率20%。</p>
<p>　　第四期：癌细胞蔓延其他器官，5年存活率已大大降低。</p>
<p><u>新化疗药物 病人不掉发 </u></p>
<p>　　国际专业癌症中心的林璿医生说，新的化疗法，副作用小，疗效却一样好。</p>
<p>　　林医生说，新的化疗10分钟内就可完成注射，旧的则需要打点滴不只3个小时。</p>
<p>　　&ldquo;新的化疗药物，不会叫人掉头发，呕吐也少发生。&rdquo;</p>
<p>　　她说，病人化疗前先服用一些维生素药片，化疗可能导致的抵抗力下降的副作用就更少见。</p>
<p>　　她解释，化疗每3个星期一次，经两轮注射后，医生会为患处扫描，如果确定疗效显著就再打多两轮药剂。效果如不理想，医生就会换药。化疗最多六轮。</p>
<p>　　不过，化疗会损害好细胞的缺点还是存在，所以，靶向治疗在治疗肺癌时也可能派上用场。</p>
<p>　　林医生宣称，靶向治疗能发挥的主要作用是：创造一个肿瘤不易生长的环境，以及能持续用药，因为副作用很小。</p>
<p>　　&ldquo;如果靶向治疗后病情还恶化，医生就会连同化疗一起使用。&rdquo;</p>
<p>　　林医生说，有两种靶向治疗用药，一是吉非替尼（gefitinib），一是埃罗替尼（erlotinib），已证实对腺瘤肺癌很有帮助。有些病人的病情在14天内就大有起色。</p>
<p>　　她介绍说，这些新发明的药物，都是口服药，需天天服用，不过，费用很昂贵，每个月药费都在三五千元之间。</p>
<p><u>照X光不能及早发现肺癌 </u></p>
<p>　　肺癌要不是到了晚期才察觉，要不就是无意中的发现。林璿医生说，一般的X射线照像并不能在癌症开始阶段就看得到肿瘤的存在。</p>
<p>　　她补充说，<strong>到目前为止只有三种癌症有可能通过检验及早发现。这三种癌症是：乳癌、大肠癌和子宫颈癌。 </strong></p>
<p>　　林医生说，肺癌是预后不容乐观的癌症，主要是因为初期的肺癌没有症状。病人如果出现症状，肺癌或许已经不是初期，但是有以下的症状却不一定是患了肺癌。这些症状包括：干咳、痰血、声音嘶哑、胸痛、低热、关节肿痛和皮疹等。</p>
<p>　　林医生说，肺癌发现时往往都已经发展到较后阶段，病人寻求治疗是正确的态度，但是却也不能抱有不实际的幻想，因为那样当病情出现反复时，这类过分乐观的病人反而容易在精神战线上被击垮。</p>
<p>　　&ldquo;新的治疗法显然已能大大改善症状，而且延长病人寿命。&rdquo;</p>
<p>　　她说，好些肺癌病人接受治疗时，一般估计只有18个月的寿命，但是现在却都已活了四五年。</p>
<p>《联合早报》<br />&nbsp;</p>
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